ENG-BOOK

The term problem solving means slightly different things depending on the discipline. For instance, it is a mental process in psychology and a computerized process in computer science. There are two different types of problems, ill-defined and well-defined: different approaches are used for each. Well-defined problems have specific goals and clear expected solutions, while ill-defined problems do not. Well-defined problems allow for more initial planning than ill-defined problems.[1] Solving problems sometimes involves dealing with pragmatics, the way that context contributes to meaning, and semantics, the interpretation of the problem. The ability to understand what the goal of the problem is, and what rules could be applied, represents the key to solving the problem. Sometimes the problem requires abstract thinking or coming up with a creative solution.

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Computer Science is a creative, challenging, and rewarding discipline. Computer
programmers, sometimes called software engineers, solve problems involving data:
computing, moving, and handling large quantities of data are all tasks made easier
or possible by computer programs. Money magazine ranked software engineer as
the number one job in America in terms of flexibility, creativity, low stress levels,
ease of entry, compensation, and job growth within the field [4].
Learning to program a computer is a skill that can bring you great enjoyment
because of the creativity involved in designing and implementing a solution to a
problem. Python is a good first language to learn because there is very little
overhead in learning to write simple programs. Python also has many libraries
available that make it easy to write some very interesting programs including
programs in the areas of Computer Graphics and Graphical User Interfaces: two
topics that are covered in this text.
In this text, students are taught to program by giving them many examples and
practice exercises with solutions that they can work on in an interactive classroom
environment. The interaction can be accomplished using a computer or using pen
and paper. By making the classroom experience active, students reflect on and
apply what they have read and heard in the classroom. By using a skill or concept
right away, students quickly discover if they need more reinforcement of the
concept, while teachers also get immediate feedback. There is a big difference
between seeing a concept demonstrated and using it yourself and this text
encourages applying concepts immediately to test understanding. This is vital in
Computer Science since new skills and concepts build on what we have already
learned

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Java programming language was originally developed by Sun Microsystems which was initiated by James
Gosling and released in 1995 as core component of Sun Microsystems’ Java platform (Java 1.0 [J2SE]).
As of December 2008, the latest release of the Java Standard Edition is 6 (J2SE). With the advancement of Java
and its widespread popularity, multiple configurations were built to suite various types of platforms. Ex: J2EE for
Enterprise Applications, J2ME for Mobile Applications.
Sun Microsystems has renamed the new J2 versions as Java SE, Java EE and Java ME, respectively. Java is
guaranteed to be Write Once, Run Anywhere.

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JavaServer™ Faces (JSF) is the standard component-oriented user interface (UI) framework for the Java EE platform. In terms which may sound more familiar, it’s a Java-based web framework.

JSF is included in the Java EE platform, so you can create applications that use JSF without adding any extra libraries in your project. JSF works equally as well as a standalone web framework, able to hook into bean containers such as Spring. How you use JSF is up to you.

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Programming means : a set of commands and instructions given to a computer in the form of a program written in a particular programming language by a word processor program source consists of several lines and each line is considered among computer and deal with each sentence in a particular order to accomplish the program which is designed to achieve , Java is one of the programming languages you create an application .

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Android is Google’s software stack for mobile devices. This stack consists of applications
(or apps as they are commonly called), a virtual machine (software-based processor and associated
environment) in which apps run, middleware (software that sits on top of the operating system and
provides various services to the virtual machine and its apps), and a Linux-based operating system.
Android apps are written in Java and use various Java Application Program Interfaces (APIs).
Because you will want to write your own apps but may be unfamiliar with the Java language and
these APIs, this book teaches you about Java as a first step into app development. It provides you
with the fundamentals of the Java language and Java APIs that are useful when developing apps.

Note This book illustrates Java concepts via non-Android Java applications. It’s easier for beginners
to grasp these applications than corresponding Android apps.
An API refers to an interface that an application’s code uses to communicate with other code, which is
typically stored in some kind of software library. For more information on this term, check out Wikipedia’s
“Application programming interface” topic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_
programming_interface).

This chapter sets the stage for teaching you the essential Java concepts that you need to
understand before you embark on your Android app development career. I first answer the “What is
Java?” question. I next show you how to install the Java SE Development Kit (JDK), and introduce
you to JDK tools for compiling and running Java applications.
After showing you how to install and use the open source Eclipse IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) so that you can more easily (and more quickly) develop Java applications (and,
eventually, Android apps), I provide you with a high-level overview of various Java APIs that you can
access from your Java applications and Android apps. In subsequent chapters, you’ll explore these
and other useful APIs in greater detail.

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The JVM manages system memory and provides a portable execution environment for Java-based applications

The Java virtual machine is a program whose purpose is to execute other programs. It’s a simple idea that also stands as one of our greatest examples of coding kung fu. The JVM upset the status quo for its time, and continues to support programming innovation today.

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The Java programming language was developed at Sun MicroSystems (which is
now a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation) and was released in 1995. The intent of the
language was for portability on the World Wide Web. It does not contain some of
the features of C++ (such as operator overloading and multiple inheritance, where
overloading and inheritance will be discussed in Chaps. 5 and 9), so it is an easier
language to learn. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming methodology
that makes it more convenient to reuse software as will be discussed
further in Chaps. 2, 5, and 9. Although no prior programming experience is
necessary to learn Java in this text, programmers with experience in C or C++
will recognize a number of similarities between Java and these languages. Conversely,
programmers learning Java first will also notice a number of similarities
should they subsequently learn C or C++. The reason for this similarity between
these languages is that both Java and C++ are based on C.

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You’re in for a treat. One of the most prominent and widely used languages
in the world has evolved, for the better. Until now Java gave us one set of
tools—OO—and we did the best we could with it. Now, in addition, there’s
another way to solve more elegantly the common problems we encounter
when developing applications. We can now do quite effectively in Java what
was possible on the JVM only using other languages—this means truly more
power for everyone using Java.
In the past few decades, I’m thankful for the privilege to program with a few
languages: C, C++, Java, C#, F#, Ruby, Groovy, Scala, Clojure, Erlang,
JavaScript… When asked which one’s my favorite, my resounding answer
has been: it’s not the language that excites me, but the way we program.
The science and engineering in programming is what drew me in, but it’s the
art in programming that keeps me. Coding has a lot in common with writing
—there’s more than one way to express our ideas. Java helped us so far to
write code using objects. Now we have an additional way to implement our
designs and ideas.
This is a new way in Java, one that will make our code more expressive,
easier to write, less error-prone, and easier to parallelize than we were able
to do with Java until now. This way has been around for decades and widely
used in languages like Lisp, Clojure, Erlang, Scala, Groovy, Ruby… This is
not only a new way in Java, but you’ll find it to be a better way as well.
Since coding is like writing, we can learn a few things from that field. William
Zinsser recommends simplicity, clarity, and brevity in On Writing Well [Zin01].
To create better applications, we can start by making the code simpler,
clearer, and concise. The new style of programming in Java provides exactly
that, as we will explore throughout this book.

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